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# Can food compounds negatively affect your DNA?

Unfortunately, some of them can.

Food mutagens (which are non-nutritive toxic contaminants in foods) can affect your DNA not only indirectly (epigenetically, e.g. by causing faulty methylation, silencing cancer-fighting genes, etc.), but also *directly* (e.g. by causing DNA damage, nucleotide alterations, gross chromosomal aberrations, etc.).

An example of food mutagens includes a group of toxic chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs), which can be formed in the process of high-temperature cooking or burning of meat, in particular grilling and frying. HCAs and their intermediaries are highly reactive, binding to DNA and resulting in genetic damage. Very high doses can potentially cause cancer. (In our Detox Specialist course we extensively analyse [__mutagens, genotoxins and carcinogens__](https://www.thehealthsciencesacademy.org/toxicology-and-detoxification-diploma-cpd-accredited-online-course) - from food additives, to bacterium, to heavy metals, and various other DNA damage-causing substances.)

On the positive side, beneficial bioactive food compounds from plant foods (phytochemicals) and antioxidants can provide DNA protection not only indirectly (epigenetically, e.g. by preventing faulty methylation, activating genes that help repair DNA damage, silencing genes that promote cancer growth, etc.), but also directly, through *local* protection, shielding your DNA and neutralising free radicals and toxins.

You’ll be learning about these mechanisms in the following modules!

Additional Resources:
* [__Food mutagens__](https://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/3/965S.long). The American Society for Nutritional Sciences.
* [__Heterocyclic amines: Mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish__](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072585). Cancer Science. (TUTOR NOTE: Interestingly, the researchers encourage the use of microwaves to prevent HCA formation).
* [__HCA mutagens and cancer formation__](https://str.llnl.gov/str/pdfs/09_95.1.pdf) (PDF). Science and Technology Review.
* [__Carcinogenicity of food mutagens__](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1469643/). Environmental Health Perspectives.
* [__*(The good news)*__ __Natural compounds in the human diet and their ability to bind mutagens prevents DNA-mutagen intercalation__](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706936). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (TUTOR NOTE: Phytochemicals are bioactive food compounds that can prevent mutagenesis and carcinogenesis - but we can only get them from plant foods! You'll be learning about them in later modules.)
* [__Continuing Education Training Does red meat cause cancer?__](https://www.thehealthsciencesacademy.org/en/course-detail/Red%20Meat%20and%20Cancer%20Risk/38462/) The Health Sciences Academy.
Related Certification:
* [__Detox Specialist__](https://www.thehealthsciencesacademy.org/toxicology-and-detoxification-diploma-cpd-accredited-online-course). 

AUTHOR: Alex Ruani, Research Director